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                                          AL ANDALUS IN THE HEART OF RIYADH These were splendid centuries for the Arabs; golden centuries that should never be forgotten. Al Andalus led the world in several disciplines: mathematics; medicine; astronomy; but there were more. Associations promoting dialogue among civilizations held a tribute to Al Andalus in Riyadh at the end of March. Among other aspects, Al Andalus became the capital of mathematics in the world. A number of experts in algebra (al-djabr); number theory; arithmetic; and geometry stood out there. But it would be a mistake to speak only of them, since the list of inventors is quite considerable. But why are the Spanish interested in the past of Al Andalus? Because it represents the Age of Enlightenment, as Alejo Carpeentier would say. A time of conviviality and discoveries that live on in the memory. The choice of Riyadh...
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                                          IRAFAH EVACUATED AGAIN BY ISRAELI ORDER Once again, the border town of Rafah, south of the Palestinian enclave of Gaza, is the target of an Israeli order to be evacuated, after the provisional truce with its inhabitants ended. This is a story repeated every time Israel seeks to sow confusion and fear among the Palestinian population. Rafah, because of its border with Egypt, is evacuated as a sign of Jewish intransigence. In principle, the evacuation order is followed by a military intervention by Israeli forces (IDF) on the ground, although aircraft and artillery are also used. The Israelis force the population of Rafah to move to a section of the coastal strip where refugee camps have been set up, which are, in reality, hundreds of very precarious tents. In recent days, Israeli forces have killed 80 Palestinian citizens in attacks in variou...
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                                SPAIN SUPPORTS THE CREATION OF A EUROPEAN ARMY Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez has spoken out in favor of the creation of a European army, which would demonstrate the European Union's determination to establish a single defense framework and confirm its solidarity. Almost at the same time, US President Donald Trump, with his somewhat violent temper, asserted that Europe's "existence" could disappear in its current form if it did not enjoy the "American nuclear umbrella." Sánchez is designing a defense plan reminiscent of the old European collective security plan referred to by early European leaders, such as Robert Schumann. The project was never structured by internal divisions and compromises. The theories that continue to prevail within the EU claim that Europeans alone do not have sufficient strength to confront a powerful enemy, such as Vladimir Putin's Russia. But o...
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                                                             THE“GAME” OF DEATH If a man suffers a fatal fall, his entire family will mourn with sadness. If several people in a community die in an accident, all members of the group will suffer the losses. This confirms the principle of the upward curve. In Gaza, the 50,000 victims of this war force the survivors—more than a million and a half—to wonder how long they will remain so as long as Israel maintains its intention to occupy the enclave. This is the macabre “game” of death that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and his coterie of loyal supporters are engaged in. Since the resumption of the genocide against the Palestinians, there remains no prospect of extending the provisional truce, now expired. Hamas would have to release the hostages still detained to deprive Netanyahu of t...
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                                        GAZA: MILITARY OR POLITICAL SOLUTION? This is the dilemma that senior military commanders and political leaders have traditionally faced when resolving a conflict. There are situations in which the military prevails, as in the Second World War; and others in which a political compromise is reached, as occurred in the Korean War. Gaza is a small enclave to which the status of a major conflict cannot be applied. It is not an international war, and therefore an intermediate solution could have been reached through negotiations that have lasted for years. The Gaza Strip is 41 kilometers long and between 6 and 12 kilometers wide, with a total of 360 km², where almost 2 million people lived. We say "lived" because it is confirmed that 50,000 Palestinians have died. 1,950,000 would remain in the small territory; Not counting those who have managed to escap...
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 picture HAARETZ                             ISRAEL AND THE ANNEXATION OF GAZA Israel's plan and intention remain unchanged. Since the Hamas terrorist attack on Jewish territory on October 7, 2023, the goal remains the annexation of Gaza. Prime Minister Netanyahu has repeated it time and again: "We will stay in Gaza and unite it with the West Bank. Our armed forces will take care of security and ensure that everything goes 'in the direction we want.'" Privately, the Israeli leader insists that abandoning the Palestinian enclave "would allow Hamas to regain control, and elections in which the terrorists will always win are useless here." Therefore, if we look closely, the second phase of the peace plan reached by the mediators is very difficult, if not impossible, to implement. Netanyahu has become intransigent, realizing that President Donald Trump will not impose his veto, but quite the opposite. Colonization, ...